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Amyloidosis

Characterized by diffuse, firm enlargement of the tongue (macroglossia), often with indentations from teeth on the lateral borders.

Black hairy tongue

The dorsal surface develops a black or brown, hair-like appearance due to the dramatic elongation and staining of filiform papillae.

Candida

Presents as removable, creamy-white, curd-like patches on an erythematous base, covering the tongue and other oral surfaces.

Geographic tongue

Features multiple, migrating, red patches of papillary atrophy surrounded by a slightly elevated, white, serpiginous border, resembling a map.

Lichen planus

Most characteristically presents as a network of fine, white, lacy lines known as Wickham's striae, on the buccal mucosa and lateral tongue.

Lipoid proteinosis

The tongue becomes progressively enlarged, firm, and 'woody' hard with severely restricted protrusion.

Medial rhomboid glossitis

A smooth, red, depapillated, rhomboid-shaped area is located in the midline of the dorsal tongue, anterior to the circumvallate papillae.

Multiple mucosal neuromas

Numerous soft, painless, flesh-colored papules and nodules are characteristically present on the tip and anterior borders of the tongue and lips.

Scrotal tongue

The dorsal surface of the tongue is marked by numerous deep, painless grooves and fissures, giving it a wrinkled appearance.

Smooth tongue

The tongue appears glossy, red, and completely smooth due to the widespread atrophy of the lingual papillae.

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