A callus is a diffuse thickening of the skin in response to friction, whereas Dupuytren's involves distinct subcutaneous nodules and fibrous cords in the palm.
A ganglion cyst is a smooth, mobile, fluid-filled sac, typically on the dorsum of the wrist, unlike the firm, fixed nodules and cords of Dupuytren's in the palm.
This is a firm, slow-growing, painless nodule that is attached to a tendon sheath, a more discrete tumor than the diffuse fascial thickening of Dupuytren's.
This is an inflammation of the tendon sheath, causing pain and sometimes a palpable crepitus with movement, unlike the painless, progressive fibrosis of Dupuytren's.